グルっぽで長文の対策について質問をいただきましたので、先ず長文を理解するための基本について述べたいと思います。
今から述べる解説は、添付した本文＆問題を参照してください。
●問題への回答（と出来ればその根拠）をコメントしてください●
（１）全体をつかむ！
劇かエッセーか論文か、いったい「何」なのかをつかむ。
全体を「見る」こと。
読むのではなく「見る」ことです。
セリフが多いものは自伝とか会話ものと想像がつきますね。
それだけでいいんです。
雰囲気をつかんでください。
◆キーワード
単純です
「一番多い単語」をさがしましょう！
読むんじゃない。見ること。
そして・・・一番目に入った単語！それがキーワードです！
今回なら
language
knowledge
この二つが目につくはずです。
（２）流れをつかむ
「漢字」があるから日本語は斜め読みができます、しかし英語は斜め読みができません。
しかし方法はあります！
各段落の最初の行「最初」を読むこと。
読めなかったら、「見る」こと。
全体の流れが（雰囲気だけでも）つかめたら気持ちを落ち着けて読めるはずです。
（３）英語＝主語・動詞
英語の文法はひとつしかない！
主語＋動詞
That’s it!それだけ！
本当の主語＋本当の動詞
これを見極めましょう。
具体例を出しましょう。
第１段落冒頭
When two or more people communicate with each other in speech, we can call the system of communication that they employ a code.
主語we
動詞call
We call the system a code.
その仕組むをcodeと呼ぶ
第２段落冒頭
In practice, linguists do not find it at all easy to write grammars because the knowledge that people have of the languages that they speak is extremely hard to describe.
主語linguists
動詞find
文法を表わすのは難しいと分かる
ちなみに
findの語感(core image)は「見いだす」と覚えましょう。
*I found the book interesting.
私はその本がおもしろいと「見いだした」
⇒読んだらおもしろかった
主語knowledge
動詞is
knowledge is hard to describe
人々の持つ言語知識を書き示すのは困難だ（から）
第２段落冒頭
Today, most linguists agree that the knowledge that speakers have of the language or languages they speak is knowledge of something quite abstract.
主語linguists
動詞agree
knowledge is something abstract
言語知識は「抽象的」なものだという共通認識が言語学者にある
さあ！
各段落の冒頭が分かれば、段落の残りの文章はそれを補足するもの（の場合が多い）と考えればいいですね。
Good Luck!
がんばってね
（補足）
「読み飛ばす」
これはとっても重要！
「, ・・・,」＝「補足説明」だから読みとばす
具体例を出しますよ！
第１段落の第３文。
We should note that two speakers who are bilingual, that is, who have access to two codes, and who for one reason or another shift back and forth between the two languages as they converse, by code-switching, are actually using the third code, one which draws on those two languages.
この文章の「サビ」は
two speakers who are bilingual 「, ・・・,」 are actually using the third code
⇒バイリンガルである二人の会話主は実際「３番目のコード」を使用している
わかりますか？
「, ・・・,」
の部分は補足説明に過ぎないから読みとばす（後で読む）ことです。
すると「本当に伝えたいこと！」が見えてくるはずです。
この読解テクニックは重要です。
ひとつの文章が長ければ長いほど「ムダな説明」が含まれている場合が多い。
そしてそれは 「, ・・・,」 コンマ～コンマで括られている場合が多いのです。
是非それを頭に入れてもう一度読んでみてくださいね。
●本文
When two or more people communicate with each other in speech, we can call the system of communication that they employ a code. In most cases that code will be something we may also want to call a language. We should note that two speakers who are bilingual, that is, who have access to two codes, and who for one reason or another shift back and forth between the two languages as they converse, by code-switching, are actually using the third code, one which draws on those two languages. The system, or the grammar, is something that each speaker knows, but two very important questions for linguists are just what that knowledge is knowledge of and how it may best be characterized.
In practice, linguists do not find it at all easy to write grammars because the knowledge that people have of the languages that they speak is extremely hard to describe. It is certainly something different from, and is much more considerable than, the kinds of knowledge that we see described in most of the grammars we find on library shelves, no matter how good those grammars may be. Anyone who knows a language knows much more about that language than is contained in any grammar book that attempts to describe the language. What is also interesting is that the knowledge is both something that every individual who speaks the language possesses and also some kind of shared knowledge, that is, knowledge possessed by all those who speak the language.
Today, most linguists agree that the knowledge that speakers have of the language or languages they speak is knowledge of something quite abstract. It is knowledge of rules and principles and of the ways of saying and doing things with sounds, words, and sentences, rather than just knowledge of specific sounds, words, and sentences. It is knowing what is in the language and what is not; it is knowing the possibilities the language offers and what is impossible. This knowledge explains how it is we can understand sentences we have not heard before and reject others as being ungrammatical, in the sense of not being possible in the language. Communication among people who speak the same language is possible because they share such knowledge, although how it is shared ― or even how it is acquired ― is not well understood. Certainly, psychological and social factors are important and possibly genetic ones too. Language is however a communal possession, although admittedly an abstract one. Individuals have access to it and constantly show that they do so by using it properly.
●問題
前の英文の内容および趣旨に合わないものを，a～lのうちから4つ選びなさい。
a．People who speak the same language can communicate because they share the same abstract knowledge of the language.
b．There is now a consensus among linguists that people’s knowledge of the language they speak is quite abstract.
c．People can understand sentences they have not heard before because of their abstract knowledge they possess.
d．The word code is often used to mean language.
e．The knowledge that people have of the languages that they speak is similar to the kind of knowledge that we see described in most grammars found in libraries.
f．The third code that a bilingual person uses is derived from two codes.
g．A code is something that is used to hinder our communication.
h．Everybody who speaks a language has knowledge about that language which is greater than what is described in grammar books.
i．People have knowledge of what can be said and what cannot be said in the language they speak.
j．It is considerably difficult for linguists to write grammars.
k．The knowledge that grammar books contain is always much more than what people know about a language, so that people need to consult grammar books when they speak.
l．Recently linguists have discovered how the knowledge of a language is shared and acquired.
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