●ヒスパニックの人口増

VOAの音声はこちらからです。
カリフォルニアやフロリダでは、街でよくスペイン語の表示を見かけます。それだけ多くのスペイン語系の移民がいるということでしょう。
VOAの記事の要旨は以下の通りです。
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アメリカの昨年の国勢調査の結果、ヒスパニックあるいはラテン系の住民が5000万人以上いることが分かりました。アメリカの総人口の16%あるいは６人に１人の割合といえます。
「ヒスパニックあるいはラテン系」の定義は、人種には関係なくキューバ、メキシコ、プエルトリコや中南米の出身または他のスペイン語系の文化を背景に持つ人としています。
ヒスパニックの人口増は専門家の予測を超えるペースです。
2010年の国勢調査では3500万人、言い換えれば総人口の約13%でした。つまり過去10年間で（3500万→5000万）40%以上の増加ということになります。
この増加のうち60%以上は、移民ではない自然増（出生数－死亡数）です。
アメリカ国内のヒスパニックの半分以上が３つの州に在住しています。それはカリフォルニア、テキサス、フロリダです。
しかしヒスパニック人口は他の州にも分散する傾向があります。主な理由は職業を求めての移動ですが、他にも生活費や生活の質の向上を求めて、という理由もあります。
アラバマ州やノースカロライナ州のような従来はヒスパニックが少なかった州でも、予想以上の人口増が見られます。
ヒスパニックの４分の３がキューバ、メキシコ、プエルトリコ出身と自分自身を認識しています。
メキシコ出身は3200万人、プエルトリコ出身が500万人です。
アメリカのマイノリティーとしてヒスパニック(16%)が黒人あるいはアフリカ系(12.5%)を超えて最も多数を占めることになりました。
アジア系は約5%ですが過去10年で46%の人口増で、増加率では最大です。
30年後にはヒスパニックではない白人はアメリカで少数派になるという予測もあります。
10年毎の国勢調査結果は、国政選挙の選挙区の配分の見直しにも使われています。
ラテン系の歴史・偉業博物館の設置が連邦議会に答申されています。
スミソニアンには既にアメリカインディアン国家博物館があり、４年後にはアフリカ系歴史文化国家博物館が完成する予定です。
定年後の生活をメキシコで過ごそうというアメリカ人が増えてきています。自然美や暖かい気候、経済的な理由（出費の節約）などが背景にあります。またメキシコ人のフレンドリーな国民性に惹かれる人たちもいます。
メキシコでは過去5年間で約4万人が麻薬関連の暴力事件で殺害されました。メキシコ政府は国をあげて麻薬組織の撲滅をはかっています。
しかし、その多くは外国人居住地区から離れた場所で起こり、今後のメキシコ移住への流れには大きな影響はないとも見られます。
メキシコの法律では海岸から50km以内に外国人が不動産を所有することを禁止しています。しかし実際には不動産投資信託を通じてアメリカ人は間接的に所有することができます。
医療関連のコストや全体の生活費がアメリカよりもずっと低くてすむため、今後もアメリカの定年退職者がメキシコに移住するケースは増えていくと思われます。
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私たちは以前はアメリカの白人以外の住民といえばアフリカ系が多数を占めていると考えていました。しかし想像以上にヒスパニックの割合が増え続けているようです。
また増加率だけでいえばアジア系がトップとなっています。
しかし「アジア系」の多くは日系以外が占めているかもしれません。
ところで、移住よりも私が気になるのは留学の比率です。日本から海外に留学するケースに歯止めがかかっていると聞きます。
もちろん、ただお金を払って遊んで帰るだけの遊学を推奨するつもりはありませんが、国際競争に勝っていくためには、より多くの日本人学生が海外で学び、生きた国際知識と経験を今後の日本の経済発展に有効活用してくれることを祈っています。
MARIO RITTER: And I’m Mario Ritter. This week on our program, we talk about the growth in the Hispanic population, America’s largest minority group. We also tell you about calls for a national museum to honor their history and culture. And we find out why some retired Americans are buying homes in Mexico.
(MUSIC)
BARBARA KLEIN: More than fifty million people in the United States identified themselves as Hispanic or Latino in last year’s national census. That was sixteen percent of the population, or one out of six people.
The twenty-ten census defined “Hispanic or Latino” as a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race.
The Census Bureau recently published a detailed report on the Hispanic population of the United States based on the new findings. The population is growing at an even faster rate than many experts had predicted.
MARIO RITTER: There were thirty-five million Hispanics, or thirteen percent of the nation, in the last census in two thousand. The Hispanic population grew by more than forty percent between two thousand and two thousand ten.
During that period, Hispanic growth represented more than half of America’s total population increase. The Hispanic population grew four times faster than the nation as a whole.
Experts at the Census Bureau estimate that more than sixty percent of Hispanic growth was from “natural increase” rather than migration. Natural increase is the term for the number of births minus the number of deaths.
AP
Carol and Oliver Cabrera of Omaha carry their son, Oliver Jr., in Nebraska earlier this year. The Latino population in Nebraska grew more than 70 percent in the last 10 years.
More than half of all Hispanics in the United States live in just three states: California, Texas and Florida. But the latest findings show how the Hispanic population is spreading out across the country.
Patricia Foxen is the associate director of research at the National Council of La Raza. She said there are a few main reasons for the spreading of the Latino population.
PATRICIA FOXEN: “The number one reason is probably jobs. There are certain industries that have gotten saturated. People go where the jobs are. There are also a couple of other things going on that shouldn’t be minimized. You also have questions like cost of living and quality of life.”
BARBARA KLEIN: The Census Bureau says the Hispanic population grew more than expected in forty of the fifty states. Southern states had the largest increases. These states, including Alabama and North Carolina, traditionally have not had large Hispanic communities.
About three-fourths of Hispanics in last year’s census identified themselves as being of Mexican, Cuban or Puerto Rican origin.
People of Mexican origin represented about three-fourths of the increase in the Hispanic population since two thousand. There are now about thirty-two million people of Mexican origin in the United States. Puerto Ricans were the second largest group, at nearly five million.
People of Mexican origin represented the largest Hispanic group in forty states last year. More of half of those states are in the South and West. Mexicans were also the largest group in the Midwest and in two states in the Northeast.
Puerto Ricans were the largest group in most of the Northeast and in one Western state, Hawaii. Dominicans were the largest group in one northeastern state, Rhode Island.
In the South, Cubans were the largest Hispanic origin group in Florida. Salvadorans were the largest group in Maryland and the District of Columbia.
MARIO RITTER: The Census Bureau first reported in two thousand three that Hispanics outnumbered blacks, formerly the nation’s largest minority. Last year, just over twelve and a half percent of people identified themselves as black or African-American alone.
About five percent of people in the United States identified themselves as Asian and no other race. Compared to two thousand, there was a forty-six percent increase in people who described themselves as Asian alone or mixed race. That was more than any other major race group.
By some estimates, non-Hispanic whites will become a minority in the United States in about thirty years. In some states, non-Hispanic whites already are a minority, including Texas, California, New Mexico and Hawaii.
BARBARA KLEIN: Census results have important political effects. Every ten years, states use the population numbers to redraw the maps of legislative areas. The process is called redistricting, and it includes congressional districts in the House of Representatives.
(MUSIC)
MARIO RITTER: A federal commission is urging Congress to establish a national museum to recognize the history and success of Latinos.
The museums of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington already include the National Museum of the American Indian. A National Museum of African American History and Culture is expected to open in four years.
There are museums throughout the country that display Latino culture. But supporters say it is important for the country’s largest minority group to have a national museum in the nation’s capital. The commission included actress Eva Longoria and other celebrities. The group spent a year asking Latinos what they would want to see in a museum of their own.
We asked some visitors to Washington what they thought of the idea.
Chris Peek and his family are from Louisville, Kentucky.
CHRIS PEEK: “It’s part of the melting pot. It’s part of American culture and history.”
John Carreiro and his wife, Sally, live in Southern California.
JOHN CARREIRO: “In about ten years the Latinos are going to mean a whole lot for voting and everything in this country. I would love to see one. And especially people from this part of the United States, because where we’re from in California, it’s probably fifty percent Latino at this time. I think people here would love to see that.”
Maxine lives in Maryland.
MAXINE: “I think you should represent everybody you know, why just a few groups? Everybody should be represented.”
Maxine’s friend Carol Bradwell lives and works in Washington.
CAROL BRADWELL: “Sure, I’d go. Especially since Smithsonians are free and people come from all over the world just to visit here. Why not build something good?”
(MUSIC)
BARBARA KLEIN: Some retired Americans looking to save money are moving south to Mexico. Among them are Michael Baldwin and Stephanie Villareal. They spoke with VOA on Skype recently from their home on Mexico’s Baja peninsula.
MICHAEL BALDWIN: “We have been here almost a year now. We came from Houston, Texas. We came down temporarily last summer and made the decision to make it permanent, and we actually drove from Houston to Cabo San Lucas.”
MARIO RITTER: Mr. Baldwin says they love the natural beauty and weather of Mexico. They also love the savings.
MICHAEL BALDWIN: “Houston versus Cabo, our expenses have been reduced by about thirty percent.”
Stephanie Villareal says they have enjoyed getting to know people in their new community.
STEPHANIE VILLAREAL: “We have lots of friends, they are very welcoming, and this is one of our favorite parts of living here is the people.”
BARBARA KLEIN: One thing they have noticed very little of, she says, is crime. In the past five years, an estimated forty thousand people have been killed in drug-related violence in Mexico. The Mexican government has been fighting powerful drug groups, and these cartels have also been fighting each other.
But Rodolfo Lopez-Negrete says there are still many areas untouched by the crime and violence of the drug trade. Mr. Lopez-Negrete is the chief operating officer of Mexico’s Tourism Board.
RODOLFO LOPEZ-NEGRETE: “Out of the two thousand five hundred municipalities we have in Mexico, the equivalent of your counties in America, eighty of those have witnessed episodes of violence.”
He says American citizens living in the main resort areas of Mexico provide their own vote of confidence.
RODOLFO LOPEZ-NEGRETE: “In the major time-share developments, the major fractional developments or full ownership, more than half of those purchases are from Americans.”
MARIO RITTER: In Houston, Chris Hill works with an industry group called the Mexico Real Estate Coalition. Mr. Hill says activity has slowed in the past few years, partly because of the recession, but also because of the violence. But he points out that the violence in the news is generally not near areas that are popular with foreigners.
CHRIS HILL: “All of these crime-related stories that we are hearing, drug-related, they have very little impact on a tourist or someone going to live in Mexico.”
Americans who want to buy a home in Mexico might also have another security concern. It involves the security of their investment. Mexico’s constitution bars foreigners from owning property within fifty kilometers of the coast. But foreigners can buy part of a Mexican real estate trust. Through these trusts, Americans can own a beach home indirectly.
Chris Hill says new legal guarantees make real estate investment in Mexico safer and easier than in the past.
CHRIS HILL: “We believe that, long term, Mexico is going to be a wonderful opportunity for retirees to live, the cost of medical services and health-related issues, but also the overall cost of living in Mexico is far lower.”
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