●結婚するって本当ですか

ごめんなさい！
題名はダ・カーポの曲名で、深い意味はありません。
さて、今回のVOAの記事のテーマは「結婚しないカップル」です。
VOAの音声はこちらです。
日本だけでなくアメリカでも「結婚しない人たち」が増えています。その実態についてのレポートです。全体のポイントを要約します。
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エレンとダグは１１年も一緒に暮らし、家を共有しています。二人の関係を祝福するパーティーを開くことを決め、130人を招待しました。
参加者はディナーを楽しんだあと、ダンスを踊りました。しかし二人は指輪交換や誓いのキスなどのセレモニーはしませんでした。
参加者の中には、このお祝いをどう表現してよいか分からず、友人には「結婚式に行く」と説明した人もいます。そのほうが混乱しないからです。
では親戚の反応はどうだったのでしょうか。
エレンの叔母「驚くばかりで、どう言ったらいいかも分かりません」
エレンの名付け親「二人が愛しあっていて、他人に迷惑をかけてでもいない限り、結婚するかどうかは本人同士の判断です」
エレンの父「私は孫は欲しいのです。もう来年には私は70才になります。結婚していようがいまいが、ただ孫の顔が見たいです」
アメリカの2010年の国勢調査では結婚せずに同棲している600万のカップルがおり、これは2010年よりも13%数字が増えています。
1890年には女性のおよそ半数が22才以下で初めての結婚をしました。男性の結婚する平均年令は26才でした。
2010年においては、しかし結婚する女性の平均年令が26才、男性が28才となっています。
25年前には、25才～29才で結婚経験のない女性は４人に一人でした。しかし2009年には、およそ２人に一人という数字になっています。
理由はどうあれ（教育、仕事、予算など）より多くのアメリカ人が結婚の決断をくだすまでに時間をかけるようになってきています。
また若い世代が結婚をためらう一つの理由は、親や友人の離婚を見て、長続きする結婚に希望が持てなくなっている場合がある、とも言われています。
結婚という様式にとらわれないカップルが増えてきています。しかし、そこには実生活での問題も生じます。
例えば未婚のカップルは、より多くの税金を払いますし、また会社の健康保険は社員のパートナーが結婚した相手の時だけに適用されるのが大半です。
また、最近は「同性婚」を認める州がいくつか出てきました。しかし1996年には連邦政府として結婚とは異性間で行われるものとし、その法制化にビル・クリントン大統領はサインしました。
しかし今年の2月にオバマ大統領は、これは憲法に違反する（平等の原則に反する差別である）として、法務省にこの制限を排除することを指示しました。この件についてはまだ議論が続いており、結論は出ていません。
またアメリカでは伝統的に、妻が生来の姓に変えて、夫の姓を名乗ったものでした。しかし最近は生来の姓を名乗る、あるいは夫の姓を加える妻が増えてきました。
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さてさて、わたし自身の経験を持ち出すのもためらわれるのですが…
わたしは結婚して妻の姓を名乗ってきました。そして離婚して生来の姓「大森」に戻ったのは、先日ブログで公表したばかりのことです。
そこに至るまでの葛藤はさておき、幼いころからの名字になったのは「本当の自分に戻った」ということを実感しています。
今までは、仮面をつけているような思いが、常に心のどこかにありました。
だから何？ということは申し上げません。
それは、一人ひとりが考えることと思いますから。。。
FAITH LAPIDUS: What do traditional American weddings look like? Well, in some ways, they look like smaller versions of last month’s wedding of Kate Middleton and Prince William in London.
The bride traditionally wears a long white dress and the groom might wear a uniform if he is in the military. Otherwise he usually wears a tuxedo or suit. A member of the clergy usually leads the ceremony, and the bride and groom exchange rings and vows.
But getting married is not the only way some American couples choose to declare their love.
(MUSIC: “White Wedding”/Billy Idol)
ELLEN: “Maybe we will get married someday. Maybe we’ll get matching tattoos someday. But at this point it’s just a party.”
BOB DOUGHTY: Ellen and her boyfriend, Doug, have been a couple for more than eleven years. They own a house together in northern California. This spring, Ellen and Doug decided to celebrate their relationship. They invited one hundred and thirty friends to a party. Ellen wore a big pink gown. Doug came dressed as a red, ripe strawberry.
Everyone ate a nice dinner outdoors, then went inside to dance. Ellen and Doug did not read vows or exchange rings — there was no ceremony, no kiss, no wedding.
ELLEN: “We feel like we are together. This didn’t really need to be confirmed at this point in our relationship. But we did want to have a party and celebrate it. But it was definitely confusing for other folks, I think, just because they hold specific expectations culturally and socially about marriage.”
Some of the guests were not sure what to think of Ellen and Doug’s celebration — or even how to describe it. Some found it easier to tell other people that they were going to a wedding. That way they did not have to take the time to explain.
So what did Ellen’s family think of this untraditional celebration? This is her aunt.
ELLEN’S AUNT: “I actually don’t know what to say about it. I was quite surprised first of all and was trying to find out from Ellen for the longest time what this was about.”
This is Ellen’s godfather.
ELLEN’S GODFATHER: “As long as two people care about each other, love each other, whether they want to get married or not, as long as they don’t hurt anyone else, and they love each other, it’s not up to us to judge them, really.”
And this is Ellen’s father. What did he think of the whole situation?
ELLEN’S FATHER: “I want a grandchild. I’ll be seventy in July, and I just — whether they get married or not, I want a grandchild.”
(MUSIC: “My Sharona”/The Knack)
FAITH LAPIDUS: Last year’s national census counted more than six million unmarried couples in the United States who were living together. That was a thirteen percent increase from the last census in two thousand.
Experts say more Americans are choosing to wait to get married, or not to get married at all
Americans have been waiting longer to get married. The Census Bureau estimates that in eighteen ninety, half of all women who got married for the first time were twenty-two or younger. For men the median age — meaning half were younger and half were older — was twenty-six. By last year, however, the median age for women was twenty-six, and for men it was twenty-eight.
A new Census Bureau report shows that twenty-five years ago, one in four women age twenty-five to twenty-nine had never been married. In two thousand nine that number was close to half.
BOB DOUGHTY: There are different reasons why people wait to get married. They may want to first complete their education or establish a career or gain financial security. Or they may have just not found the right person.
But experts say more and more Americans have simply chosen not to get married or at least not to take that step too quickly.
The Alternatives to Marriage Project is a nonprofit organization based in Brooklyn, New York. It works for equality and fairness for unmarried people, including people who are single or live together before marriage.
Nicky Grist is the director of the Alternatives to Marriage Project. She says young couples might live together to save money or because they are trying to decide whether to get married.
And some couples — like Ellen and Doug — just might not think marriage is right for them.
(MUSIC: “Got Your Back”/Matt the Electrician)
FAITH LAPIDUS: Another organization, the National Marriage Project at the University of Virginia, works to support marriage. The director is Bradford Wilcox, a sociology professor. He points out that couples who have good incomes and college degrees tend to be married, especially if they have children.
But Mr. Wilcox says many young adults decide not to get married because they have seen their parents or their friends get divorced. As a result, they may not have much hope that a marriage will last.
(MUSIC: “Use Somebody”/Kings of Leon)
BOB DOUGHTY: Nicky Grist at the Alternatives to Marriage Project says whether two people are married is not important. What is important, she says, is that they take care of each other and depend on each other.
NICKY GRIST: “What we’re seeing are increasing numbers of very stable, long-term non-married relationships, and that includes both romantic relationships and also other kinds of relationships where people are simply committed to caring for one another, whether as friends or as extended family. And what we see is that caring goes beyond the one kind of relationship called marriage. And it’s really caring that society should support.”
But most employers, for example, offer health insurance to a worker’s partner only if the couple is married. Unmarried couples may also pay more taxes. And if one person dies, the other person may have a difficult time claiming the couple’s money or property.
FAITH LAPIDUS: Brad Wilcox at the National Marriage Project says marriage creates a more stable life than living together. As a result, he says, having married parents is better for children.
BRAD WILCOX: “You can’t treat cohabitation like marriage because they’re fundamentally different realities. Cohabitation offers people a lot more flexibility and freedom, but that’s the downside of it too, looking at it from a more relational — and particularly from a child’s — perspective.”
BOB DOUGHTY: In recent years several American states and the District of Columbia have made same-sex marriage legal. But in nineteen ninety-six Congress passed the Defense of Marriage Act, or DOMA. For federal purposes it defines marriage as the legal union between a man and a woman. President Bill Clinton signed it into law.
In February of this year, however, President Obama told the Justice Department to stop defending the law in court. He says it violates the Constitution. The Fourteenth Amendment says states may not deny anyone the equal protection of the laws. In other words, states cannot give a right to some people but not to others.
President Obama says DOMA discriminates. But the law remains in place. The courts are still debating how to handle this law and the issue of same-sex marriage.
FAITH LAPIDUS: Not all of the issues that face unmarried couples or same-sex couples involve debates over laws, morality or social policy. One question that many couples find difficult to answer is simply what to call each other.
BOB DOUGHTY: n the United States, the tradition has been that a wife takes her husband’s last name in place of her own. But many women now add their husband’s name or keep their own name. Some couples come up with a new combination for themselves or their children.
Meg Keene started the blog A Practical Wedding. Ms. Keene says one of the hottest topics on her blog is whether women should take their husband’s last name. Ms. Keene has been married for more than three years but has still not decided what to do about her own name.
MEG KEENE: “I had my name for almost thirty years by the time I got married. I’m going to be a published author under my name. I’m very tied to it. It’s an ongoing negotiation.”
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